This paper attempts to discuss the polysystem theory with an approach to children's literature. Mainly, it considers the positions that translated writings can occupy in this system in comparing to the original writings in a country, especially in Iran. It discusses the causes and effects that the translated literature can occupy either the central position or peripheral one in literary system of a country. Then it indicates children's literature; its importance in shaping the children's mind, thought and future, and its position in polysystem.

I had the good fortune to stumble across this wonderful book recently, and I found it both entertaining and informative.

As the title suggests, the book tells the various stories by which the English language has come to be what it is today. (It's as much about history and politics as it is about language.)

Translating literary works is always challenging and controversial due to aesthetic and expressive values such as figurative language, metaphors, and difference in cultural and historical contexts. From the semiotic view point, certain elements involved in the process of literary translation go beyond this conventional area and are focused on semantic and expressive equipoise between different semiotic systems. It is widely known that translation of prose from a semiotic perspective at the interfaces between cultures with major emphasis placed on invariance between the source and target texts represents one of the key issues in contemporary translation studies.

Contacts with the West encouraged written African literature which had been eminently oral. The European languages became the means of expression and communication for African writers whom some classified as creative artists and others as translators. Even though there are traces of translation in the work of African writers, this study aims at explaining that there is not enough evidence to address them as translators. Works of linguists, translators, language experts, anthropologists, and literary scholars are used as reference documents. An analytical, deductive, and synthetic approach is used. It is discovered that African writers are creative artists manifested by the presence of elements of translation in their work in combination with transposition, transcription, integration and deviation methods. The study further reveals that the attitude of African writers is gradually Africanizing the European languages they use in their works. The study concludes that the method of creativity of the African writers, which preserves some traces of translation, could be used to advance the techniques of translation.

From time immemorial, poetry has been part and parcel of people’s lives. It immortalized ancient civilizations through epics such as Gilgamesh, the Illiad, the Iniad, Beowolf, pre-Islamic poetry, especially The Mu, alaqat, etc. Poets, however, gained special dignified status. What is poetry, then? What makes it so highly evaluated?

Poetry, to begin with, is meant to express the emotions and touch the feelings and depths of listeners or readers. It adds something essential to their experiences. The poet, therefore, has to be fully aware of the capacity of language to make his message highly effective. The words of the poem surpass their textual denotations; they take new shades of meaning dictated by the poetic context.

By presenting its own literary works to its people, each society aims at improving its literary culture. Society also attempts to satisfy the various needs and wants of its members by providing, according to certain criteria, a variety of literary works from different cultures and countries via translation. These criteria may or may not benefit the source culture. The main point is, in general, the enrichment of the target culture. The criteria of selection and reception of works depend on different factors.

his study focuses on the interface of two theoretical frameworks—the Semiotics of Theater and Theater Translation—as well as on the theoretical polarization between the notions of performability and readability in Theater Translation since the mid-1980s.